Which option is NOT a CPTED principle?

• A. Natural surveillance
• B. Access control
• C. Territorial reinforcement
• D. Segregation of duties

Answer: (D)

CPTED focuses on shaping the built environment to reduce crime by influencing how people move and behave in a space. Natural surveillance means designing areas so that people and activities are easily visible—good lighting, clear sightlines, and open spaces that discourage covert actions. Access control involves guiding and limiting entry points and movements, using gates, fences, and well-placed entrances to manage who can go where. Territorial reinforcement uses design cues to express ownership and responsibility for a space—well-maintained sidewalks, clear boundaries, signage—so legitimate users feel a sense of stewardship and potential offenders recognize the area as watched. Segregation of duties, on the other hand, is a management control used to prevent fraud or errors by distributing responsibilities among personnel; it concerns procedures and organizational processes rather than how the physical environment is designed. Because of that, segregation of duties is not a CPTED principle.